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APA citation
style refers to the rules and conventions established
by the American Psychological Association applied to
resources used in a research paper. The use of APA citation
style includes reference citations in text that point
to an alphabetical reference list.
Reference
citations in texts imply the use of essential information
to identify a source and it includes the last name of
the author, the year of publication and page number
(if the direct quotation or specific part of a source
is used) parenthesized. The examples of reference citations
in texts are as follows:
| Author's
name in text |
Dover
has expressed this concern (2001). |
| Author's
name in reference |
This
concern has been expressed (Dover 2001). |
| Multiple
authors of a work |
This
hypothesis (Bradley and Rogers 2004) suggested
this theory (Sumner, Reichl, and Waugh 2003). |
| Specific
parts of a source |
Williams
alludes to this premise (1998, p.145). |
| Two
works cited |
(Burns
2002, Thomas 2003) |
| Corporate
authors |
(United
Nations, Economic Commission for Africa 1997) |
Works
with no author
When a work has no author, use the work's title
or a shortened version of the title when citing
it in text:
| |
as
stated by the presidential commission (Report
1994). |
| Online
source with numbered paragraphs |
(Fox,
pars. 4-5) |
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The
reference page contains the list of all sources arranged
in alphabetical order and containing all publishing
information, including the author(s)/editor(s) name,
date of publication parenthesized, the complete title
italicized with only first word of the title capitalized,
edition, if indicated, place of publication, the shortened
name of publisher. It is recommended to use an ampersand
(&), instead of “and”, when using multiple
authors; to use p. and pp. to designate page numbers.
Examples:
One
author:
Nabokov, V. (1955). Lolita. New York: Putnam.
Another
work, same author:
---. (1999). Speak, Memory: An Autobiography Revisited.
New York: Knopf.
Two
authors:
Cross, S., & C. Hoffman. (2004). Bruce Nauman:
Theaters of Experience. New York: Guggenheim Museum;
London: Thames & Hudson.
Three
authors:
Lowi, T., B. Ginsberg, & S. Jackson. (1994). Analyzing
American Government: American Government, Freedom and
Power. 3rd ed. New York: Norton.
More
than three authors:
Gilman, S., et al. (1993). Hysteria beyond Freud.
Berkeley: U of California P.
Corporate
author:
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art. (1973). A Guide
to the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
Multivolume
work:
Morison, S. E., H. S. Commager, and W.E. Leuchtenburg.
(1980). The Growth of the American Republic.
2 vols. New York: Oxford UP.
Article
or chapter from a book:
Nielsen, J.S. (2004). "European Culture and Islam."
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World.
(pp.1126-45). Ed. Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan
Reference-Thomson/Gale.
Journal
article:
Shefter, M. (1992). "Institutional Conflict over
Presidential Appointments: The Case of Clarence Thomas."
PS: Political Science & Politics 25(4),
676-79.
In a journal article 25(4) reads Volume 25, issue 4,
which is followed by the date of publication and page
number.
Online
book within a scholarly project:
Frost, R. (1999). North of Boston. Project Bartleby.
Ed. Steven van Leeuwen. Retrieved 29 October 1999 from
http://www.bartleby.com/118/index.html.
Article from an online encyclopedia:
"Einstein, Albert." (1999). Encyclopaedia
Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved
27 April 2004 from http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=108494&sctn=1.
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