18 Jul 2009
Mostly nobody can imagine today’s modern life without a computer. The society is overfilled with high tech technologies. All of us know how to use it but very few have a clear idea about how it works.
The development of software is getting more complex. Everyday increasing demands for different kinds of software call for more well-organized development processes. There are many different approaches to software development as every person has its own point of view. I’ll throw light upon the basic process of software development including some methodologies and structures. Let me begin with the full software development life circle.
The first stage is the requirement when the person identifies the task he wants to accomplish. The man must decide what he wants his program to do. The specification stage is the second one, where the developer explains the client what he will do to accomplish the task. Software design is the phase where the flow of the program is mapped, an interface is reproduced and then the database is designed. The fourth stage is implementation, or coding.
This is the main work in software development. The fifth stage is called quality assurance. It is clear that this time the formal request is examined from cover to cover to define all serious mistakes. The client also takes part in the test and can ask the developer to correct everything he doesn’t like. Integration and rollout is the next phase. It is very easy to do it nowadays as everyone knows how the World Wide Web works. Penultimate stage is maintenance. The life is so progressive and business changes fast as well. In future the application will require modifications to answer all innovations. In many cases in this phase one goes through the complete software development process easier, identifying what needs to be changed, describing the process of the work, altering the design etc. And the last stage of software development is retirement. Even after passing so many stages to achieve the aim it is cheaper and simpler to put the application back and make another one if it is out of date.
Of course these stages are not always kept and they can be combined into one or two. For example you can make all the work during specifications, or the implementation. Correction is done throughout both the implementation and testing phases. And it is better to keep the client away from the work process if you don’t want the project to be failed.
There are several models of software development but all of them are based on eight phases mentioned above. The most ordinary is the Waterfall Model. It is also known as Linear Sequential Model or Classic Life Cycle Model. It goes from one point to the other step by step.
Every Software Development Life Cycle Model shows the phases of the software development located in the order they are executed. In The Waterfall Model, the phases of Requirements, Design, Construction, Testing, and Maintenance move downwards one by one, like a waterfall.
First, the developer has to set up the requirements for each system component. The system must work correctly to manage all the tasks put in so the programmer has to engineer the system. When everything is checked, the crew scrutinizes the given requirements.
Furthermore, Software Requirement Analysis includes meeting the client, discussing the future product, and familiarizing with their system. The team has to find out what software the given system needs. When finishing their investigation the team members provide a document with various advices for the applicant system. Payment, assignments and other questions of this kind are fixed at this stage.
During the stage of System Analysis and Design the software process of development, the software’s general construction and its shades are determined. The amount of stages necessary for the package building, the design of database, the data configuration plan and many others are included. This phase must be done very carefully as the system engineer builds the logical system of the item for consumption.
Coding, or Building, is the phase of accomplishing modular and subsystem programming code. As computers do not understand words or pictures, it receives the information in its own system where everything has its personal code. To generate the code people use special programming tools and programming languages to simplify a problem.
After the code generation the software program has to be tested. To uncover and eliminate all defects the developer tests data, unit, system, integration and user acceptance.
Everything mentioned above takes much time to be prepared and probably the client will ask for maintenance. The system changing or some other unexpected things can also demand upholding, that’s why the phase of maintenance accomplishes the System Development Life Cycle Model.
The next one is the Rapid Prototype Model that is the cyclic variant of the Waterfall Method. It begins with making a copy of the application. The process starts with specification and the other stages are kept on in order. When the prototype is ready, it is shown to the client who examines the model and then returns it to the developer to improve the product. Such repetitions can be done repeatedly to achieve the target goal. Prototyping model is based on recurring transmission of information connecting the client and developer.
These two models can be classified as full applications. The Rapid Prototype Model is considered to be the most general model in today’s Industrial Technology.
With the world development, people couldn’t use such heavily regulated methods any longer so the community wanted to get rid of those regimented methods. It was time to change the views on the classic forms and to create something fast and deft, thus Agile Software Development appeared. It includes some methodologies based on similar rules that support a project organization process, which promotes common examination and recast, self-organization and responsibility.
There are many particular agile methods of development. A lot of people support iterations, collaboration, application, cooperation, and process flexibility during the project life-cycle.
The Iterative Model accompanies the full course of action for every personal application characteristic. You will be able to get free cycles weekly or monthly. It is very useful to apply such kind of model if your project is huge. Many people use this one as they don’t want to be out of date when finishing their yearlong assignment.
The Rapid Application Development Model is based on using a brief and creating way of looking. The approach has five phases in it. They are business modeling, data modeling, process modeling, application generation and testing and turnover.
All the innovations influenced different kinds of business are brought to a life cycle assessment appearance.
Product Life Cycle Management can be expounded as the series of approaches used by administration as a result goes through its product life cycle. As time goes by, the market condition modifies so the situation must be handled as it goes through its progression of steps.
In fact all products have a life cycle. It was already mentioned that the product life cycle moves through numerous stages. It occupies a lot of qualified disciplines, and many skills are needed, including instruments and progress. Here are four stages in product life cycle: market introduction, growth, maturity, saturation and decline.
At the first stage the product is put up for sale by way of a concentrated, rigorous and deep marketing attempt intended to set understandable characteristics up and further the highest attentiveness.
Growing stage is used to develop trade, raise sales volume. Moreover competitors appear at this step.
Maturity phase will commence on when opponents start leaving the market. It goes without saying that this brings to diminution of sales speed and now amount of selling has a stable rate. Many clients await maturity stage to purchase the goods.
Decline stage is the last one. After a period of time there comes a point when competitors force you out, new and new products come into fashion and trade, and industry situation becomes baffling. Thus sales go into a decline.
One can face with other version of the Industry Life Cycle model. Though they resemble each other, there are difference in the amount of the stages and their names. For example in 1973 Fox presented the model with five stages: precommercializm, introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The next year Wasson offered his five-staged model which included market development, rapid growth, competitive turbulence, maturity and also decline. Ten years later a shorter model developed by Anderson and Zeithman appeared. The first stage was introduction, the second was growth, then maturity and the last was decline. In 1998 Hill and Jones showed their model that started with embryonic; then came growth followed by shakeout; and the last were traditional maturity and decline.
We see that a product life cycle doesn’t fit in the waterfall model as the last is more complicated and people can’t afford wasting much time on passing so many phases. The waterfall model does not have arranged skill of applying organization control over a project; scheduling, scheming, and risk supervision are not enclosed in the model itself.
A product life cycle concept can be compared with iterative development as a form of phased growth. Both have four phases. Of course they differ because the software life cycle is produced to develop the output while the product life cycle is recommended to purchase the goods. These two cycles have a common advantage that lies in theirs offering an essential arrangement that permits you to observe where you are, what is done, and what is yet to come.
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