As it is known a human being cannot exist without breathing and the lungs play an important role in this process. It should be pointed out that the main function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream and excrete carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. Air is brought in the organism through the airways and than within the alveoli the gas exchange occurs, as it has been just described above. At this respect it is necessary to point out that the respiratory membrane includes rich lattice of alveoli, which provides an enormous surface for gas exchange. Within this structure a network of fine capillaries transports blood over the surface of alveoli. Oxygen from the air inside the alveoli diffuses into the bloodstream across the exceptionally thin alveolar membranes, and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli via the same process. As a result due to an enormous surface and well-developed structure alveoli are an ideal sites for gas exchange.


Hyperventilation

Traditionally hyperventilation is defined as a state of breathing faster or deeper than necessary, and thereby reducing the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood below normal. In practice it results in various symptoms such as numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, lips, light-headedness, chest pain and sometimes fainting. Hyperventilation may the result of different factors, for instance, it may be the result of taking excessive deep breaths, inflating numerous party balloons by mouth, it may be also a consequence of numerous lung diseases, head injury, or when the body lacks oxygen, for instance in high altitude or as a result of anemia.

Furthermore, hyperventilation has a net effect of drawing more carbon dioxide out of the body, since the carbon dioxide concentration in normal air is very low. The resulting low concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is known as hypocapnia. Consequently hyperventilation may have a negative effect, for instance, reduced carbon dioxide concentration causes the blood vessels in the brain to constrict, resulting in reduced blood flow to the brain.
The connection between the bleeding problems and apronal

Speaking about apronal it should be pointed out that despite its main function the medication can also have a number of side effects such as the bleeding problems. One of the main reasons why taking apronal leads to the bleeding problems is the fact that this medication is blood thinning, consequently it changes traditional and normal functioning of blood system, especially if the medication has been taking for a long period of time.

Apronal may have a negative impact on the circulation of blood. For instance, such a medication, being blood thinning, may lead to bad clotting of the blood that makes it very difficult to stop the bleeding, moreover it even provokes bleeding because the blood becomes thinner than it has to be.

Consequently the use of apronal has to be careful and under a thorough control of a doctor.

Bibliography:

1. Johnson, D.R. Respiratory System. New York: Touchstone, 2001.

2. Stevenson, L. The Effects of Various Medication on the Blood Circulation. New York: New Publishers, 1998.


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